South Africa’s healthcare sector is marred by deep rooted inequalities, with millions relying on an overly strained and under resourced public healthcare system. In this instalment of Who Owns South, Open Secrets turns the spotlight on to the role of private players in the health care system and shows how the concentration of private shapes the sector.

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Open Secrets and Shadow World Investigations South Africa (SWISA) have submitted a Joint Report to the Khampepe Commission of Inquiry. The report details political interference by the Mbeki administration to prevent the investigation and prosecution of criminal allegations in two separate instances (unrelated to the TRC cases).

Originally published in Daily Maverick.

The iconic green emblem of Pam Golding Properties’ logo sits on posters at the gates of mansions sprawled across luxury neighbourhoods in South Africa (SA). The South African real estate giant has been a dominant force in the country’s high-end property industry, but a judgment in Mozambique has implicated Pam Golding Properties in a major corruption scandal.

Pam Golding Properties has been named in a Maputo City Court judgment from 2022 that found the real estate agency accepted payments of more than R20-million into its bank account for former Mozambican President Armando Guebuza’s son, Ndambi. A South African law firm, Jouberts Attorneys, was also named in the judgment for accepting millions for the younger Ndambi Guebuza, who will hereafter be referred to as Guebuza.

These payments were bribes that were paid to Guebuza by an Abu Dhabi-based shipbuilding company, the Privinvest Group, which benefited from corruption in Mozambique from 2013 to 2015. With the help of Pam Golding Properties and South African lawyers, Guebuza splurged millions on property and luxury cars during a corruption scandal that collapsed the Mozambican economy.

The Maputo court judgment found that Guebuza used Pam Golding Properties and Jouberts Attorneys to evade the Mozambican financial system, where his transactions may have been flagged under anti-money laundering laws. Instead, Guebuza was able to route the bribes to their South African bank accounts.

“In fact, in order not to attract attention in the Mozambican financial system… the defendant Armando Ndambi Guebuza hired those South African companies to receive the bribes, acquire assets abroad, and manage them,” the judgment stated.

According to the judgment, Pam Golding Properties, through its subsidiary, Apple Creek, facilitated payments on Guebuza’s behalf to luxury car dealerships, to purchase properties and to pay for interior design services. At the time, the Estate Agency Affairs Act required money in an estate agent trust account to only be used for business related to property transactions, raising red flags over Pam Golding Properties’ involvement in some of the payments it facilitated for Guebuza from its trust account.

Startling revelation

The most startling revelation about these payments is that neither Guebuza nor Privinvest laundered the funds by transferring the money through shell companies or other entities to hide their source. Instead, Privinvest paid the money directly into Pam Golding Properties and Jouberts Attorneys’ South African bank accounts.

Using information in the Maputo judgment, Open Secrets calculated that Pam Golding Properties and Jouberts Attorneys collectively received R110.9-million on Guebuza’s behalf. The Maputo judgment found that the payments had amounted to more than R95-million, but Open Secrets found that the judgment had under-calculated the total figure based on the payment information included in the judgment.

The version of the Financial Intelligence Centre Act (FICA) in force at the time placed a legal obligation on estate agents to identify a client’s source of funds, and to report any suspicious or unusual transactions.

Pam Golding Properties has denied any wrongdoing in a right of reply to Open Secrets and said that an independent investigation by the Estate Agency Affairs Board in 2020 found that it had “complied with all relevant legislative and regulatory requirements” at the time the transactions took place.

In July 2025, Open Secrets referred Pam Golding Properties and Jouberts Attorneys to the Hawks in a criminal complaint for further investigation against the two entities for potential money laundering offences. The complaint was based on information in an investigative report Open Secrets released in 2024, titled For Sale: South Africa’s Property Laundromat and the Maputo City Court judgment.

Despite over 10 years passing, Mozambique has not recovered from the scandal that was enabled with help from these South African companies.

The not-so-hidden scandal

The Maputo City Court judgment relates to devastating corruption that took place in Mozambique between 2013 and 2015, known as the Hidden Debt scandal. It involved senior politicians in Mozambique illegally entering into loan agreements worth $2-billion with Swiss bank Credit Suisse, and Russian bank VTB to finance ocean protection projections in Mozambique. But, the $2-billion never reached Mozambican state coffers. Instead, most of it was paid to the Privinvest Group, which paid more than $50-million in bribes to powerful elites in Mozambique.

Guebuza had been a middleman in the deal: he convinced his father, who was president at the time, to go ahead with the loans, and in exchange Privinvest paid the younger Guebuza $33-million in bribes into his Abu Dhabi bank account.

But that wasn’t the only money Guebuza received from Privinvest.

The Maputo court judgment revealed that Guebuza had also “received other bribes paid by the Privinvest Group through companies based in the Republic of South Africa, including Jouberts Attorneys and Pam Golding Properties, which the defendant hired”.

In its judgment, the Maputo court convicted Guebuza, his friend Bruno Langa, and nine other people of embezzlement and money laundering. Guebuza was sentenced to twelve years in prison, where he remains.

Pam Golding Properties, in a right of reply to Open Secrets, stated that it had complied with all regulatory requirements at the time.

“Any suggestion that we are in any way complicit in money laundering is entirely untrue and unfounded. We are unwilling actors who are targeted by criminals just as much as banks are, or lawyers, accountants, asset traders and crypto currency dealers,” Pam Golding Properties stated.

In late 2025, Open Secrets made several attempts to reach Daan Joubert, the principal of Jouberts Attorneys, for comment. However, we could not find him. A former employee at Jouberts Attorneys said that Joubert had died in 2025.

Pam Golding Properties payments

According to the Maputo judgment, Privinvest transferred R18.7-million in two payments from its First Gulf Bank account, in Abu Dhabi, into Pam Golding Properties’ Standard Bank account on Guebuza’s instruction in the following transactions:

• 9 December 2013 – $800,000, approximately R8.2-million
• 23 April 2014 – R10.5-million

Additionally, a judgment in the UK found that Privinvest had paid Pam Golding Properties $1.75-million (around R16.1-million) on 29 April 2013 and had paid $1-million (around R10.4-million) on 21 April 2014 to Apple Creek Real Estate, a property agency acquired by Pam Golding Properties at the time. Privinvest claimed that these funds were for a joint venture between Privinvest, Apple Creek and Pam Golding Properties, but the joint venture never materialised.

Upon receiving Guebuza’s bribes, Pam Golding Properties helped him to spend his illicit wealth.

The Maputo court judgment found that on 23 May 2013, Pam Golding Properties facilitated Guebuza’s purchase of a house in Goodwood Street in Kyalami Estate, Gauteng, for R11.6-million, inclusive of transfer fees and taxes. The estate agency also paid R350,000 to Viglietti Motors, a high-end car retailer, on 18 December 2013, on Guebuza’s behalf. On that same date, Guebuza instructed Pam Golding Properties to pay R300,000 to Delacovias Interior Design.

According to the Maputo judgment, Pam Golding Properties also transferred funds from its trust account to Apple Creek’s trust account in late 2013. Brenda Gilbert, a former Pam Golding Properties estate agent who also managed the Apple Creek account at the time, confirmed the Apple Creek transaction to Guebuza by email, saying:

Hello Armando,

Here is a copy of the transfer of you found from the Pam Golding Properties trust account to the Apple Creek Real Estate Trust account which is administered by myself and Sue, my partner.

Once the funds have cleared in our account, we shall make the payments as per your instructions in your email.

Kind regards,

Brenda

According to the judgment, these funds were used by Guebuza to purchase a R3-million home in Dainfern golf estate, in Gauteng, for his sister, Valentina Guebuza, in March 2014.

Pam Golding Properties stated that it did not operate Apple Creek’s business at the time, and that the business had a four-year period where it could not operate in its previous markets in terms of the sale agreement. However, the Guebuza transactions took place eight years after Pam Golding Properties acquired Apple Creek.

Pam Golding Properties also stated that it held the real estate agents who worked at Apple Creek responsible for failing to comply with Pam Golding Properties’ internal requirements and contractual agreement when it acquired Apple Creek.

Guebuza is not the only client Pam Golding Properties worked with who was convicted on charges related to the hidden debt scandal. Bruno Langa, a friend of Guebuza, used bribe money from Privinvest to purchase a R9.5-million home in Dainfern, Gauteng, with Pam Golding Properties’ help in 2013. Pam Golding Properties later sold Langa’s home for R12.5-million.

Jouberts Attorneys payments

Along with Pam Golding Properties, Guebuza also relied on Jouberts Attorneys to receive and manage his bribes from Privinvest. The firm received more than R90-million on Guebuza’s behalf, helping him to buy luxury cars, property and designer merchandise. Viglietti Motors and Delacovias Interior Design received a further combined total of more than R23-million from the Mozambican corruption scandal through Jouberts Attorneys, which obediently carried out Guebuza’s requests.

Not much is known about Jouberts Attorneys. Unlike Pam Golding Properties, the law firm has a relatively low profile, and it no longer seems operational in South Africa – there are no records of the firm’s registration on the Legal Practice Council’s website. However, at the time of the hidden debt scandal, the firm was critical in helping Guebuza manage and spend his bribe money from Privinvest.

Privinvest’s payments to Jouberts Attorneys followed a similar pattern to its transfers to Pam Golding Properties – the company paid Guebuza’s bribes directly into Jouberts Attorneys’ First National Bank (FNB) account. On Guebuza’s instruction, Privinvest paid a staggering R92.2-million to Jouberts Attorneys’ trust account in the following tranches:

• 18 June 2013 – R25.5-million
• 17 June 2014 – R7.4-million
• 23 December 2014 – R18.9-million
• 30 December 2014 – R31.6-million
• 22 June 2015 – R8.8-million

Significantly, FNB raised a red flag over the very first transaction of R25.5-million on 18 June 2013. Given that the transaction was “unusual”, the Maputo judgment stated, FNB contacted the law firm requesting information on the source of funds, and clarity on the relationship between Privinvest and Guebuza for the transaction to be cleared.

On 18 June 2013, a paralegal at Jouberts Attorney sent Guebuza an email informing him of the bank’s query and asking him how the law firm should respond. The law firm received the R25.5-million “after the explanation” was provided by Guebuza, the judgment states.

There is no evidence that Jouberts Attorneys attempted to verify the relationship between Privinvest and Guebuza, or asked for documents to verify the reason for the payments, which implies a dereliction of duty on the law firm’s part that helped clear the transaction.

Houses, cars and other luxuries

According to the judgment, Guebuza spent his Privinvest bribe money sent to Jouberts Attorneys and to his Abu Dhabi account on houses, cars and other luxuries.

Through Pam Golding Properties, Guebuza had purchased a luxury property in Kyalami Estate. He instructed Jouberts Attorneys to pay R4.2-million to Delacovias Interior Design for renovations on the house – bringing the total spend on this house to R15.8-million, which was paid for with public money meant for public services in Mozambique.

He further instructed the law firm to pay R2.9-million to luxury car retailer Imperial Collection. Once they received the payment, Imperial Collection issued at least five cheques to Rolls Royce-Aston Martin, a South African company, according to the court judgment, totalling R2.2-million, on Guebuza’s behalf.

In addition to this payment to Imperial Collection, Jouberts Attorneys made other payments from the Privinvest bribes, on behalf of Guebuza, to the following South African entities:

• R30.3-million to Justin Divaris, founder and CEO of Daytona Group, a luxury vehicle retailer;
• R14.6-million to Delacovias Interior Design (including R4.2-million for renovations on his Kyalami house)
• R8.8-million to Viglietti Motors (now known as Scuderia), a South African luxury car retailer;
• A further R5.6-million to Imperial Collection;
• R2.9-million to friends and associates;
• R2.7-million to Du Plessis & Associates, a law firm;
• R2.1-million to luxury hotels in Sandton, Joburg;
• R515,222 was paid to Flyjetstream Aviation to charter a private plane from Lanseria Airport in Johannesburg on 10 January 2015, bound for Vilanculos Beach, Inhambane Province, Mozambique, for Guebuza and eight other associates;
• R92,502 to the Apple iStore in SA;
• R47,000 to Louis Vuitton.

According to the judgment, Jouberts Attorneys charged Guebuza a R94,830.53 fee for “the services of managing the assets” which Guebuza had illicitly obtained through Privinvest’s bribes.

Justin Divaris, the founder of the Daytona Group, received a significant amount of money from Guebuza through payments made by Jouberts Attorneys. In December 2024, Divaris faced allegations that Daytona had laundered R79-million that was stolen from a Namibian bank, SME. Divaris stated his company had not been involved in any wrongdoing in the SME matter.

Daytona and Divaris’ legal representative, Alan Allschwang, replied to detailed questions by Open Secrets regarding the Guebuza payments with the following comment: “The matters you refer to are either so antiquated that no records in relation thereto exist anymore, are sub judice, are subject to privacy protection, or are unknown to my clients. In all events, my clients are unable to assist you with your enquiries.”

“As a courtesy I advise that it is not a secret that Mr Divaris has for several years now not been a director or operationally involved at Daytona,” Allschwang stated.

Guebuza’s penchant for luxury cars is evident given that he bought around 15 high-end vehicles between 2013 and 2015. The judgment doesn’t indicate which of these luxury vehicles were paid for from funds held by Pam Golding Properties, Apple Creek or Jouberts Attorneys on Guebuza’s behalf, but given that these entities made payments to high-end car retailers, it is likely that all were involved in helping Guebuza spend Mozambique’s public funds on luxury vehicles in SA for his personal use and as gifts for others.

The Hawks have confirmed to Open Secrets that they are now looking into Pam Golding Properties and Jouberts Attorneys’ role in this scandal as part of Open Secrets’ criminal complaint. While they undertake this investigation, important questions must be asked about why law enforcement agencies in SA failed to act when the Maputo City judgment was delivered.

In the meantime, Pam Golding Properties and Jouberts Attorneys have yet to fully answer for their role in receiving and managing bribe money on Guebuza’s instruction during a corruption scandal that forced 1.9 million Mozambicans into poverty.

Open Secrets head of investigations Michael Marchant says outgoing NDPP Shamila Batohi’s legacy is a mixture of successes and failures. He says Batohi leaves the NPA at a better place than she found it despite questions over the rate of prosecutions of high-profile cases.

A Johannesburg printing firm and its agent are being investigated by Zimbabwe’s anti-corruption authority for price gouging on election-related material and equipment.

Zimbabwe is no stranger to corruption. But the brazen nature of the R570-million scandal engulfing the Zimbabwean Electoral Commission (ZEC) has outraged the country. A Johannesburg printing firm and its agent, a larger-than-life tenderpreneur, are being investigated by Zimbabwe’s anti-corruption authority.

While he has nine businesses in South Africa and had a brush with the law in 2011, Chivayo has largely flown under the radar in South Africa.

In Zimbabwe, however, he is notorious for his past conviction for money laundering, and his fleet of luxury cars, some of which he donates to Zanu-PF-supporting musicians.

Chivayo acted as agent for Ren-Form, a family-owned commercial printing company based in Selby, central Johannesburg. In the tender with the ZEC, Ren-Form branched out from just providing ballot papers into acting as a one-stop shop providing electronic equipment, hi-vis vests and gadgets to display voting results.

Chivayo’s former business partners, Mike Chimombe and Moses Mpofu, who felt cut out of the deal, accuse Ren-Form and Chivayo of inflating costs by up to 235%. The election body paid the South African printing company at least R570-million.

The NewsHawks, the Zimbabwean media outlet which broke the story, claims that the total paid to Ren-Form could be up to R1.8-billion ($100-million).

Chimombe and Mpofu’s claim is partly supported by leaked documents which show Ren-Form invoiced the ZEC R23-million for a central server that costs R90,000 online, and 2,000 non-flushing toilets priced at R68,700 each, which retail for about R10,000 per unit.

Similar BVR kits cost $3,600 per unit when bought by the United Nations Development Programme for the 2021 elections in Honduras.

We asked Ren-Form to explain. The company’s sales director, Jean-Pierre du Sart, called all the allegations false and said, “In any project there’s changes,” when asked the reason for the price increases. While Ren-Form did not dispute the authenticity of the invoices and other financial records, Chivayo says the leaked documents are fakes.

Mnangagwa’s ‘son’?

Chivayo has gone viral on Zimbabwean social media after seemingly genuine audio clips circulated in which he discusses sharing the proceeds of the ZEC tender with his partners and senior officials, referred to by their initials or codenames. In one voice note, Chivayo claims Mnangagwa calls him “my son”, prompting the president’s spokesperson to condemn “name-dropping”.

Chivayo has denied that it was his voice on the clips and apologised to Mnangagwa, spy boss Isaac Moyo and ZEC chair Justice Priscilla Chigumba for creating the “adverse impression” that their institutions “are involved in corruption or participate in illicit transactions”

It is possible some of Chivayo’s generosity in handing out luxury cars was financed from the ZEC tender. In May 2023, just a month after the Zimbabwean finance ministry instructed the central bank to pay Ren-Form for the BVR kits, Chivayo had two white Rolls-Royce cars flown into Harare from Europe and a luxury Mercedes and Range Rover delivered from South Africa.

Investigations and denials

The Zimbabwe Anti-Corruption Commission has since opened an investigation and is seeking to interview Chivayo. Chimombe and Mpofu have been arrested as part of a separate investigation into the alleged failure to deliver on a contract for the presidential goat scheme, in which animals were supposed to be provided to poorer rural households.

Ren-Form denies any wrongdoing including inflating prices to pay bribes, and said it is unable to provide specific details about the tender due to confidentiality clauses in its contract with the ZEC. The printing firm declined to provide further responses, citing ongoing investigations by law enforcement agencies.

Chivayo did not respond to a request for comment. Previously, Chivayo described the leaked voice notes and messages as fakes, and said he was under a sustained character attack from Chimombe and Mpofu, whom he described as “briefcase businessmen.”

The ZEC denied doing business directly with Chivayo, Chimombe or Mpofu and said that all procurement was above board.

Open Secrets stands by its reporting on this investigation.

To unpack how this covert defence partnership unfolded, what the whistleblower’s documents reveal, and what this means for oversight of South Africa’s arms exports, John Maytham is joined by Michael Marchant, Head of Investigations at Open Secrets — the organisation that broke this story after a three-week court gag order was lifted. Michael walks us through the findings and the troubling implications for accountability at home and abroad.